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I really appreciate your marketing scales database online. It is an important resource for both our students and our researchers as well. Since my copies of the original books are slowly disintegrating due to the intensive use, I am happy that you are making them available in this way. It is very helpful in the search for viable constructs on which to do sound scientific research.
Dr. Ingmar Leijen
Vrije Universiteit University, Amsterdam

culture

A person's opinion regarding the mixture of Spanish and English in conversation is measured in this scale using nine, seven-point Likert-type items.

A 13-item scale is used to measure the degree to which a person expresses a sense of belonging to the African-American ethnic group by accepting attitudes and behaviors supportive of that group.

The extent to which a person expresses preference for and identification with his/her country rather than others is measured with this six item, five-point scale.

The scale is composed of five, seven-point Likert-type statements that are intended to measure the degree to which a person identifies with a particular country. The items might also be used with respect to a subculture or ethnic group.

The scale uses four statements with a seven-point Likert-type response format to measure the degree to which a person has a holistic view of time rather than focusing on the present, with an emphasis on the importance of tradition.

Three, seven-point items are used in the scale to measure a person's proficiency with the use of a language, most likely a language other than the one the person is most familiar with.

The scale is composed of six, five-point Likert-type items that measure the degree to which a person feels part of a particular subculture. Given the phrasing of items #3 and #6, the scale is most appropriate for situations where a person has a strong connection with one culture but is living in another culture.

The eight-item scale measures the degree to which a person expresses a tendency to relate to others such that social hierarchy and achievement of status through competition is important.

The scale is composed of eight items that attempt to assess the extent to which a person sees one's self as a member of a group but with members having different amounts of status. Although interdependence is accepted, so is inequality though service and sacrifice are stressed.

Three, five-point Likert-type items are used to measured the degree to which a person from one culture feels part of another culture.