This Likert-type scale measures the perception of one's self as a leader and having confidence. A four-item version of this scale was used by Davis and Rubin (1983) and referred to as self-confidence/leadership. A shorter, three-item version was utilized by Lumpkin and Hunt (1989).
This scale is a seven-item, seven-point measure of the amount of confidence a consumer has in "personal independent" sources (relative or friend) as well as "personal advocate" sources (store manager or employee).
This is a four-item, seven-point scale focusing on the extent to which the motivation to own a product is viewed as instrumental to achieving a social purpose. The beliefs version of the scale measures the perceived probability that certain desirable consequences will occur. The evaluation version measures the personal importance of these consequences. There are also direct and indirect versions of the scale. As shown in the Scale Items section, the difference between the two has to do with whether the items are responded to in the first person (direct version) or the third person (indirect version).
A four-item, five-point Likert-type scale is used to measure the degree to which a person communicates with friends before deciding what to buy. The scale was developed for use with teenagers but appears to be amenable for use with other age groups, though some retesting may be necessary.
A three-item, five-point Likert-type scale is used to measure the degree to which a teenager describes the media as having a major influence on what he/she buys.
A five-item scale is used to measure the degree to which a person describes one's self as having more influence over family decision-making than one's spouse. It is a global measure because it is not specific to any one type of decision. Responses were recorded on a 100-point constant sum scale for each item. The 100 points are to be divided between oneself and one's spouse to represent relative influence in the relationship over family decisions.
The scale has five, seven-point Likert-type items that measure the importance a consumer places on the influence of others in the consumption of certain expressive products.
The five-item, five-point Likert-type scale measures the degree to which a child describes his/her parents as determining where, when, and what he/she buys.
A three-item, seven-point Likert-type scale is used to measure the degree to which a person would feel in control in a particular setting and be able to influence outcomes.
A four-item, five-point Likert-type scale is used to measure the importance a consumer places in a product-selection decision on what others think or are doing. This was referred to as social motivations for consumption by Moschis (1978, 1981) and Carlson and Grossbart (1988; Grossbart, Carlson, and Walsh 1991).
