This scale is intended to measure the degree to which a person's goals relate to aspirations and accomplishments. Westjohn et al. (2009) used two somewhat different four item versions (explained in the Origin section) while Arnold and Reynolds (2009) used a five item version. With both sets of authors, a five-point response format was used.
The scale uses six statements to measure a person's chronic tendency to use an approach strategy to attain goals. The emphasis is on pursuing desirable ends rather than avoiding undesirable ones.
The scale is used to measure a person's chronic tendency to use an avoidance strategy to attain goals. The emphasis is on avoiding undesirable ends rather than pursuing desirable ones.
The scale uses four, nine-point Likert-type items to measure one's preference for being a member of the group rather than apart from the group.
The five, five-point Likert-type items composing the scale are intended to measure to degree to which a person has a broad, open perspective of the world and an eagerness to experience other cultures.
The eight-item scale measures the degree to which a person expresses a tendency to relate to others such that social hierarchy and achievement of status through competition is important.
The scale is composed of eight items that attempt to assess the extent to which a person sees one's self as a member of a group but with members having different amounts of status. Although interdependence is accepted, so is inequality though service and sacrifice are stressed.
The degree to which a person expresses a tendency towards self-reliance is measured using this eight-item scale. Self is viewed in terms of its autonomy from the group though not in terms of relative status.
The scale is composed of eight items measuring the degree to which self is viewed in terms of its interdependence on the group, where similarity and equality of members is stressed.
Five-point Likert-type statements are used to measure the degree to which a consumer believes shopping at a certain type of store is a pleasant and likable activity to engage in.
